Process for the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a novel method for the fermentative production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by cultivating a recombinant microorganism expressing an enzyme having a glutamate decarboxylase activity. The present invention also relates to corresponding recombinant hosts, recombinant vectors, expression cassettes and nucleic acids suitable for preparing such hosts as well as to a method for preparing polyamides making use of GABA as obtained fermentative production.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of patent application Ser. No. 12/918,241 filed Aug. 18, 2010, which is a national stage application (under 35 U.S.C. §371) of PCT/EP2009/001225, filed Feb. 20, 2009, which claims benefit of European application 08151744.3, filed Feb. 21, 2008. The entire content of each aforementioned application is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

SUBMISSION OF SEQUENCE LISTING

The Sequence Listing associated with this application is filed in electronic format via EFS-Web and hereby incorporated by reference into the specification in its entirety. The name of the text file containing the Sequence Listing is Sequence_Listing_(—)074012_(—)0155_(—)01. The size of the text file is 64 KB, and the text file was created on May 29, 2014.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF INVENTION

The present invention relates to a novel method for the fermentative production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by cultivating a recombinant microorganism expressing an enzyme having a glutamate decarboxylase activity. The present invention also relates to corresponding recombinant hosts, recombinant vectors, expression cassettes and nucleic acids suitable for preparing such hosts as well as to a method for preparing polyamides making use of GABA as obtained fermentative production.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

GABA (CAS number 56-12-2) is an important ubiquitous non-protein amino acid in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. It shows different biological functions, for example as representative depressive neurotransmitter in the sympathetic nervous system and it is effective for lowering the blood pressure of experimental animals and humans. The compound is synthesized by glutamate decarboxylase (GAD; EC 4.1.1.15) from glutamate.

GABA is used in different technical fields. For example, GABA-enriched food can be used as a dietary supplement and nutraceutical to help treat sleeplessness, depression and autonomic disorders, chronic alcohol-related symptoms, and to stimulate immune cells. The compound can also be used as a raw material for the production of polyamides and of pyrrolidone.

A suitable way for the fermentative production of said commercially interesting chemical compound has not yet been described.

The object of the present invention is, therefore, to provide a suitable method for the fermentative production of GABA or corresponding salts thereof.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts the comparison of contigs from potato ESTs with GAD homologs from plants.

FIG. 2 depicts the schematic drawing of a chimera GAD gene of the invention.

FIG. 3 depicts the plasmid map of the pClik5aMCS cloning vector.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The above-mentioned problem was solved by the present invention teaching the fermentative production of GABA or a salt thereof by cultivating a recombinant glutamate producing microorganism expressing GAD enzyme which enzyme converts glutamate that is formed in said microorganism to GABA.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 1. Preferred Embodiments

The present invention relates to a method for the fermentative production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which method comprises the cultivation of a recombinant microorganism which microorganism preferably being derived from a parent microorganism having the ability to produce glutamate, and which recombinant microorganism, qualitatively or quantitatively, retains said ability of said parent microorganism, and additionally having the ability to express heterologous glutamate decarboxylase (E.C. 4.1.1.15), so that glutamate is converted to GABA; and optionally isolating GABA from the fermentation broth. Said modified microorganism also may or may not retain its ability to produce glutamate.

In particular, said microorganism is a glutamate producing bacterium, particularly a coryneform bacterium, like a bacterium of the genus Corynebacterium, as, for example, Corynebacterium glutamicum.

Said heterologous glutamate decarboxylase is of prokaryotic or eukaryotic origin.

In one specific embodiment, said heterologous glutamate decarboxylase is a plant glutamate decarboxylase or a chimeric glutamate decarboxylase comprising at least one amino acid sequence portion derived from plant glutamate decarboxylase. Said “at least one amino acid sequence portion derived from plant glutamate decarboxylase” comprises at least ten consecutive amino acid residues of said plant enzyme. In total, there may be 1 to 10, in particular, 1 to 5, preferably 1 or 2 amino acid sequence portions derived from said plant sequence. Each of said portions may have a length of 10 to 500, 10 to 450, 10 to 400, 20 to 350, 40 to 300, 50 to 250, 60 to 200, 70 to 150 or 80 to 100 consecutive amino acid residues of said plant enzyme.

In particular, said heterologous glutamate decarboxylase is a decarboxylase of a plant of the genus Solanum, in particular from Solanum tuberosum, i.e. potato. For example, said heterologous glutamate decarboxylase is from Solanum tuberosum and comprises an amino acid sequence from Thr94 to Leu336 of SEQ ID NO: 2 or a sequence having 80% to less than 100% identity thereto, as, for example, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99%.

In addition, said heterologous glutamate decarboxylase may be N-terminally and/or C-terminally supplemented by the corresponding terminal amino acid sequences of a glutamate decarboxylase from Solanum tuberosum, or N-terminally and/or C-terminally supplemented by the corresponding terminal amino acid sequences of a glutamate decarboxylase of a second plant, different from Solanum tuberosum. For example, said second plant is Solanum lycopersicum, i.e. tomato.

In a particular embodiment, said glutamate decarboxylase comprises an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 2 or a sequence having 80% to less than 100% identity thereto, as, for example, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99%.

According to another embodiment of the invention, said heterologous glutamate decarboxylase is a bacterial glutamate decarboxylase, for example from a bacterium of the genus Escherichia, in particular from E. coli.

Said E. coli glutamate decarboxylase may be selected from GadA of SEQ ID NO:6, the GadBC complex comprising the GadB sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8 and the GadC sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9 and sequences having 80% to less than 100% identity to GadA or GadBC, respectively. Suitable sequences may have, for example, an identity of 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99%

In another embodiment, the enzyme having glutamate decarboxylase activity is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence, which is adapted to the codon usage of said parent microorganism having the ability to produce glutamate.

In particular, the enzyme having glutamate decarboxylase activity may be encoded by a nucleic acid sequence comprising a coding sequence selected from

-   -   a) position 472 to 1200 according to SEQ ID NO:1 or from         position 193 to 1605 according to SEQ ID NO:1;     -   b) SEQ ID NO: 5;     -   c) SEQ ID NO: 7;     -   d) or any coding sequence encoding a glutamate decarboxylase as         defined above.

The present invention also relates to a glutamate decarboxylase enzyme as defined above; as well as to a nucleic acid sequence comprising the coding sequence for such a glutamate decarboxylase.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides an expression cassette, comprising at least one nucleic acid sequence as defined above, which sequence is operatively linked to at least one regulatory nucleic acid sequence; as well as a recombinant vector, comprising at least one such expression cassette.

The present invention also relates to a prokaryotic or eukaryotic host, transformed with at least one vector as defined above; in particular to hosts selected from recombinant coryneform bacteria, especially a recombinant Corynebacterium, as, for example, recombinant Corynebacterium glutamicum.

Finally, the present invention relates to a method of preparing a polymer, in particular, a polyamide, which method comprises

-   -   a) preparing GABA by a method as described above;     -   b) isolating GABA; and     -   c) polymerizing said GABA, optionally in the presence of at         least one further suitable polyvalent copolymerizable         co-monomer, selected, for example, from aminocarboxylic acids         and hydroxycarboxylic acids.

2. Explanation of Particular Terms

Unless otherwise stated the expressions “gamma-aminobutyric acid”, “gamma-aminobutyrate” and “GABA” are considered to be synonymous. The GABA product as obtained according to the present invention may be in the form of the free acid, in the form of a partial or complete salt of said acid and base functional groups or in the form of mixtures of the non-charged acid and any of its salt or mixtures.

A GABA “salt” comprises for example metal salts, as for example mono- or di-alkalimetal salts of GABA like mono-sodium di-sodium, mono-potassium and dipotassium salts as well as alkaline earth metal salts as for example the calcium or magnesium salts or the protonated form of GABA.

“Deregulation” has to be understood in its broadest sense, and comprises an increase or decrease of complete switch off of an enzyme (target enzyme) activity by different means well known to those in the art. Suitable methods comprise for example an increase or decrease of the copy number of gene and/or enzyme molecules in an organism, or the modification of another feature of the enzyme affecting the its enzymatic activity, which then results in the desired effect on the metabolic pathway at issue, in particular the Glutamate biosynthetic pathway or any pathway or enzymatic reaction coupled thereto. Suitable genetic manipulation can also include, but is not limited to, altering or modifying regulatory sequences or sites associated with expression of a particular gene (e.g., by removing strong promoters, inducible promoters or multiple promoters), modifying the chromosomal location of a particular gene, altering nucleic acid sequences adjacent to a particular gene such as a ribosome binding site or transcription terminator, decreasing the copy number of a particular gene, modifying proteins (e.g., regulatory proteins, suppressors, enhancers, transcriptional activators and the like) involved in transcription of a particular gene and/or translation of a particular gene product, or any other conventional means of deregulating expression of a particular gene routine in the art (including but not limited to use of antisense nucleic acid molecules, or other methods to knock-out or block expression of the target protein).

The term “heterologous” or “exogenous” refers to proteins, nucleic acids and corresponding sequences as described herein, which are introduced into or produced (transcribed or translated) by a genetically manipulated microorganism as defined herein and which microorganism prior to said manipulation did not contain or did not produce said sequence. In particular said microorganism prior to said manipulation may not contain or express said heterologous enzyme activity, or may contain or express an endogenous enzyme of comparable activity or specificity, which is encoded by a different coding sequence or by an enzyme of different amino acid sequence, and said endogenous enzyme may convert the same substrate or substrates as said exogenous enzyme.

A “parent” microorganism of the present invention is any microorganism having the ability to produce glutamate.

A microorganism “derived from a parent microorganism” refers to a microorganism modified by any type of manipulation, selected from chemical, biochemical or microbial, in particular genetic engineering techniques. Said manipulation results in at least one change of a biological feature of said parent microorganism. As an example the coding sequence of a heterologous enzyme may be introduced into said organism. By said change at least one feature may be added to, replaced in or deleted from said parent microorganism. Said change may, for example, result in an altered metabolic feature of said microorganism, so that, for example, a substrate of an enzyme expressed by said microorganism (which substrate was not utilized at all or which was utilized with different efficiency by said parent microorganism) is metabolized in a characteristic way (for example, in different amount, proportion or with different efficiency if compared to the parent microorganism), and/or a metabolic final or intermediary product is formed by said modified microorganism in a characteristic way (for example, in different amount, proportion or with different efficiency if compared to the parent microorganism).

An “intermediary product” is understood as a product, which is transiently or continuously formed during a chemical or biochemical process, in a not necessarily analytically directly detectable concentration. Said “intermediary product” may be removed from said biochemical process by a second, chemical or biochemical reaction, in particular by a reaction catalyzed by a “glutamate decarboxylase” enzyme as defined herein.

The term “glutamate decarboxylase” refers to any enzyme of any origin having the ability to convert glutamate into GABA. Such enzymes are classified as EC. 4.1.1.15.

A “recombinant host” may be any prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell, which contains either a cloning vector or expression vector. This term is also meant to include those prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells that have been genetically engineered to contain the cloned gene(s) in the chromosome or genome of the host cell. For examples of suitable hosts, see Sambrook et al., MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL, Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989).

The term “recombinant microorganism” includes a microorganism (e.g., bacteria, yeast, fungus, etc.) or microbial strain, which has been genetically altered, modified or engineered (e.g., genetically engineered) such that it exhibits an altered, modified or different genotype and/or phenotype (e.g., when the genetic modification affects coding nucleic acid sequences of the microorganism) as compared to the naturally-occurring microorganism or “parent” microorganism which it was derived from.

As used herein, a “substantially pure” protein or enzyme means that the desired purified protein is essentially free from contaminating cellular components, as evidenced by a single band following polyacrylamide-sodium dodecyl sulfategel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The term “substantially pure” is further meant to describe a molecule, which is homogeneous by one or more purity or homogeneity characteristics used by those of skill in the art. For example, a substantially pure glutamate decarboxylase will show constant and reproducible characteristics within standard experimental deviations for parameters such as the following: molecular weight, chromatographic migration, amino acid composition, amino acid sequence, blocked or unblocked N-terminus, HPLC elution profile, biological activity, and other such parameters. The term, however, is not meant to exclude artificial or synthetic mixtures of glutamate decarboxylase with other compounds. In addition, the term is not meant to exclude glutamate decarboxylase fusion proteins optionally isolated from a recombinant host.

3. Other Embodiments of the Invention 3.1 Deregulation of Further Genes

The fermentative production of GABA with a recombinant Corynebacterium glutamate producer expressing glutamate decarboxylase may be further improved if it is combined with the deregulation of at least one further gene as listed below.

Enzyme (gene product) Gene Deregulation isocitrate dehydrogenase icd amplification NCgI0634 glutamate dehydrogenase gdh amplification NCgI1999 phosphoenolpyruvate ppc amplification carboxylase NCgI1523 pyruvate carboxylase pycA Releasing feedback inhibition by NCgI0659 point mutation (EP1108790) and amplification 2-oxoglutarate odhA attenuation (WO2006/028298) dehydrogenase NCgI1084 isocitrate lyase aceA attenuation NCgI2248 phosphoenolpyruvate pck attenuation carboxykinase NCgI2765 glutamine synthetase ginA attenuation NCgI2148 glutamate exporter yggB attenuation (WO2006070944) NCgI1221

A preferred way of an “amplification” is an “up”-mutation which increases the gene activity e.g. by gene amplification using strong expression signals and/or point mutations which enhance the enzymatic activity.

A preferred way of an “attenuation” is a “down”-mutation which decreases the gene activity e.g. by gene deletion or disruption, using weak expression signals and/or point mutations which destroy or decrease the enzymatic activity.

3.2 Proteins According to the Invention

The present invention is not limited to the specifically mentioned proteins, but also extends to functional equivalents thereof.

“Functional equivalents” or “analogs” or “functional mutations” of the concretely disclosed enzymes are, within the scope of the present invention, various polypeptides thereof, which moreover possess the desired biological function or activity, e.g. enzyme activity.

For example, “functional equivalents” means enzymes, which, in a test used for enzymatic activity, display at least a 1 to 10%, or at least 20%, or at least 50%, or at least 75%, or at least 90% higher or lower activity of an enzyme, as defined herein.

“Functional equivalents”, according to the invention, also means in particular mutants, which, in at least one sequence position of the amino acid sequences stated above, have an amino acid that is different from that concretely stated, but nevertheless possess one of the aforementioned biological activities. “Functional equivalents” thus comprise the mutants obtainable by one or more amino acid additions, substitutions, deletions and/or inversions, where the stated changes can occur in any sequence position, provided they lead to a mutant with the profile of properties according to the invention. Functional equivalence is in particular also provided if the reactivity patterns coincide qualitatively between the mutant and the unchanged polypeptide, i.e. if for example the same substrates are converted at a different rate. Examples of suitable amino acid substitutions are shown in the following table:

Original residue Examples of substitution Ala Ser Arg Lys Asn Gln; His Asp Glu Cys Ser Gln Asn Glu Asp Gly Pro His Asn; Gln Ile Leu; Val Leu Ile; Val Lys Arg; Gln; Glu Met Leu; Ile Phe Met; Leu; Tyr Ser Thr Thr Ser Trp Tyr Tyr Trp; Phe Val Ile; Leu

“Functional equivalents” in the above sense are also “precursors” of the polypeptides described, as well as “functional derivatives” and “salts” of the polypeptides.

“Precursors” are in that case natural or synthetic precursors of the polypeptides with or without the desired biological activity.

The expression “salts” means salts of carboxyl groups as well as salts of acid addition of amino groups of the protein molecules according to the invention. Salts of carboxyl groups can be produced in a known way and comprise inorganic salts, for example sodium, calcium, ammonium, iron and zinc salts, and salts with organic bases, for example amines, such as triethanolamine, arginine, lysine, piperidine and the like. Salts of acid addition, for example salts with inorganic acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid and salts with organic acids, such as acetic acid and oxalic acid, are also covered by the invention.

“Functional derivatives” of polypeptides according to the invention can also be produced on functional amino acid side groups or at their N-terminal or C-terminal end using known techniques. Such derivatives comprise for example aliphatic esters of carboxylic acid groups, amides of carboxylic acid groups, obtainable by reaction with ammonia or with a primary or secondary amine; N-acyl derivatives of free amino groups, produced by reaction with acyl groups; or O-acyl derivatives of free hydroxy groups, produced by reaction with acyl groups.

“Functional equivalents” naturally also comprise polypeptides that can be obtained from other organisms, as well as naturally occurring variants. For example, areas of homologous sequence regions can be established by sequence comparison, and equivalent enzymes can be determined on the basis of the concrete parameters of the invention.

“Functional equivalents” also comprise fragments, preferably individual domains or sequence motifs, of the polypeptides according to the invention, which for example display the desired biological function.

“Functional equivalents” are, moreover, fusion proteins, which have one of the polypeptide sequences stated above or functional equivalents derived there from and at least one further, functionally different, heterologous sequence in functional N-terminal or C-terminal association (i.e. without substantial mutual functional impairment of the fusion protein parts). Non-limiting examples of these heterologous sequences are e.g. signal peptides, histidine anchors or enzymes.

“Functional equivalents” that are also included according to the invention are homologues of the concretely disclosed proteins. These possess percent identity values as stated above. Said values refer to the identity with the concretely disclosed amino acid sequences, and may be calculated according to the algorithm of Pearson and Lipman, Proc. Natl. Acad, Sci. (USA) 85(8), 1988, 2444-2448.

The % identity values may also be calculated from BLAST alignments, algorithm blastp (protein-protein BLAST) or by applying the Clustal setting as given below.

A percentage identity of a homologous polypeptide according to the invention means in particular the percentage identity of the amino acid residues relative to the total length of one of the amino acid sequences concretely described herein.

In the case of a possible protein glycosylation, “functional equivalents” according to the invention comprise proteins of the type designated above in deglycosylated or glycosylated form as well as modified forms that can be obtained by altering the glycosylation pattern.

Such functional equivalents or homologues of the proteins or polypeptides according to the invention can be produced by mutagenesis. e.g. by point mutation, lengthening or shortening of the protein.

Such functional equivalents or homologues of the proteins according to the invention can be identified by screening combinatorial databases of mutants, for example shortening mutants. For example, a variegated database of protein variants can be produced by combinatorial mutagenesis at the nucleic acid level, e.g. by enzymatic ligation of a mixture of synthetic oligonucleotides. There are a great many methods that can be used for the production of databases of potential homologues from a degenerated oligonucleotide sequence. Chemical synthesis of a degenerated gene sequence can be carried out in an automatic DNA synthesizer, and the synthetic gene can then be ligated in a suitable expression vector. The use of a degenerated genome makes it possible to supply all sequences in a mixture, which code for the desired set of potential protein sequences. Methods of synthesis of degenerated oligonucleotides are known to a person skilled in the art (e.g. Narang, S. A. (1983) Tetrahedron 39:3; Itakura et al. (1984) Annu. Rev. Biochem. 53:323; Itakura et al., (1984) Science 198:1056; Ike et al. (1983) Nucleic Acids Res. 11:477).

In the prior art, several techniques are known for the screening of gene products of combinatorial databases, which were produced by point mutations or shortening, and for the screening of cDNA libraries for gene products with a selected property. These techniques can be adapted for the rapid screening of the gene banks that were produced by combinatorial mutagenesis of homologues according to the invention. The techniques most frequently used for the screening of large gene banks, which are based on a high-throughput analysis, comprise cloning of the gene bank in expression vectors that can be replicated, transformation of the suitable cells with the resultant vector database and expression of the combinatorial genes in conditions in which detection of the desired activity facilitates isolation of the vector that codes for the gene whose product was detected. Recursive Ensemble Mutagenesis (REM), a technique that increases the frequency of functional mutants in the databases, can be used in combination with the screening tests, in order to identify homologues (Arkin and Yourvan (1992) PNAS 89:7811-7815; Delgrave et al. (1993) Protein Engineering 6(3):327-331).

3.3 Coding Nucleic Acid Sequences

The invention also relates to nucleic acid sequences that code for enzymes as defined herein.

The present invention also relates to nucleic acids with a certain degree of “identity” to the sequences specifically disclosed herein. “Identity” between two nucleic acids means identity of the nucleotides, in each case over the entire length of the nucleic acid.

For example the identity may be calculated by means of the Vector NTI Suite 7.1 program of the company Informax (USA) employing the Clustal Method (Higgins D G, Sharp P M. Fast and sensitive multiple sequence alignments on a microcomputer. Comput Appl. Biosci. 1989 April; 5(2):151-1) with the following settings:

Multiple Alignment Parameter:

Gap opening penalty 10 Gap extension penalty 10 Gap separation penalty range  8 Gap separation penalty off % identity for alignment delay 40 Residue specific gaps off Hydrophilic residue gap off Transition weighing  0

Pairwise Alignment Parameter:

FAST algorithm on K-tuple size 1 Gap penalty 3 Window size 5 Number of best diagonals 5

Alternatively the identity may be determined according to Chenna, Ramu. Sugawara, Hideaki, Koike, Tadashi, Lopez, Rodrigo, Gibson, Toby J, Higgins, Desmond G, Thompson, Julie D. Multiple sequence alignment with the Clustal series of programs. (2003) Nucleic Acids Res 31 (13): 3497-500, the web page: ebi.ac.uk/Tools/clustalw/index.html# and the following settings

DNA Gap Open Penalty 15.0 DNA Gap Extension Penalty 6.66 DNA Matrix Identity Protein Gap Open Penalty 10.0 Protein Gap Extension Penalty 0.2 Protein matrix Gonnet Protein/DNA ENDGAP −1 Protein/DNA GAPDIST 4

All the nucleic acid sequences mentioned herein (single-stranded and double-stranded DNA and RNA sequences, for example cDNA and mRNA) can be produced in a known way by chemical synthesis from the nucleotide building blocks, e.g. by fragment condensation of individual overlapping, complementary nucleic acid building blocks of the double helix. Chemical synthesis of oligonucleotides can, for example, be performed in a known way, by the phosphoamidite method (Voet, Voet, 2nd edition. Wiley Press, New York, pages 896-897). The accumulation of synthetic oligonucleotides and filling of gaps by means of the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase and ligation reactions as well as general cloning techniques are described in Sambrook et al. (1989), see below.

The invention also relates to nucleic acid sequences (single-stranded and double-stranded DNA and RNA sequences, e.g. cDNA and mRNA), coding for one of the above polypeptides and their functional equivalents, which can be obtained for example using artificial nucleotide analogs.

The invention relates both to isolated nucleic acid molecules, which code for polypeptides or proteins according to the invention or biologically active segments thereof, and to nucleic acid fragments, which can be used for example as hybridization probes or primers for identifying or amplifying coding nucleic acids according to the invention.

The nucleic acid molecules according to the invention can in addition contain non-translated sequences from the 3′ and/or 5′ end of the coding genetic region.

The invention further relates to the nucleic acid molecules that are complementary to the concretely described nucleotide sequences or a segment thereof.

The nucleotide sequences according to the invention make possible the production of probes and primers that can be used for the identification and/or cloning of homologous sequences in other cellular types and organisms. Such probes or primers generally comprise a nucleotide sequence region which hybridizes under “stringent” conditions (see below) on at least about 12, preferably at least about 25, for example about 40, 50 or 75 successive nucleotides of a sense strand of a nucleic acid sequence according to the invention or of a corresponding antisense strand.

An “isolated” nucleic acid molecule is separated from other nucleic acid molecules that are present in the natural source of the nucleic acid and can moreover be substantially free from other cellular material or culture medium, if it is being produced by recombinant techniques, or can be free from chemical precursors or other chemicals, if it is being synthesized chemically.

A nucleic acid molecule according to the invention can be isolated by means of standard techniques of molecular biology and the sequence information supplied according to the invention. For example, cDNA can be isolated from a suitable cDNA library, using one of the concretely disclosed complete sequences or a segment thereof as hybridization probe and standard hybridization techniques (as described for example in Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F. and Maniatis, T. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 2nd edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989). In addition, a nucleic acid molecule comprising one of the disclosed sequences or a segment thereof, can be isolated by the polymerase chain reaction, using the oligonucleotide primers that were constructed on the basis of this sequence. The nucleic acid amplified in this way can be cloned in a suitable vector and can be characterized by DNA sequencing. The oligonucleotides according to the invention can also be produced by standard methods of synthesis, e.g. using an automatic DNA synthesizer.

Nucleic acid sequences according to the invention or derivatives thereof, homologues or parts of these sequences, can for example be isolated by usual hybridization techniques or the PCR technique from other bacteria. e.g. via genomic or cDNA libraries. These DNA sequences hybridize in standard conditions with the sequences according to the invention.

“Hybridize” means the ability of a polynucleotide or oligonucleotide to bind to an almost complementary sequence in standard conditions, whereas nonspecific binding does not occur between non-complementary partners in these conditions. For this, the sequences can be 90-100% complementary. The property of complementary sequences of being able to bind specifically to one another is utilized for example in Northern Blotting or Southern Blotting or in primer binding in PCR or RT-PCR.

Short oligonucleotides of the conserved regions are used advantageously for hybridization. However, it is also possible to use longer fragments of the nucleic acids according to the invention or the complete sequences for the hybridization. These standard conditions vary depending on the nucleic acid used (oligonucleotide, longer fragment or complete sequence) or depending on which type of nucleic acid—DNA or RNA—is used for hybridization. For example, the melting temperatures for DNA:DNA hybrids are approx. 10° C. lower than those of DNA:RNA hybrids of the same length.

For example, depending on the particular nucleic acid, standard conditions mean temperatures between 42 and 58° C. in an aqueous buffer solution with a concentration between 0.1 to 5×SSC (1×SSC=0.15 M NaCl, 15 mM sodium citrate, pH 7.2) or additionally in the presence of 50% formamide, for example 42° C. in 5×SSC, 50% formamide. Advantageously, the hybridization conditions for DNA:DNA hybrids are 0.1×SSC and temperatures between about 20° C. to 45° C., preferably between about 30° C. to 45° C. For DNA:RNA hybrids the hybridization conditions are advantageously 0.1×SSC and temperatures between about 30° C. to 55° C., preferably between about 45° C. to 55° C. These stated temperatures for hybridization are examples of calculated melting temperature values for a nucleic acid with a length of approx. 100 nucleotides and a G+C content of 50% in the absence of formamide. The experimental conditions for DNA hybridization are described in relevant genetics textbooks, for example Sambrook et al., 1989, and can be calculated using formulae that are known by a person skilled in the art, for example depending on the length of the nucleic acids, the type of hybrids or the G+C content. A person skilled in the art can obtain further information on hybridization from the following textbooks: Ausubel et al. (eds), 1985, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, New York; Hames and Higgins (eds), 1985, Nucleic Acids Hybridization: A Practical Approach, IRL Press at Oxford University Press, Oxford; Brown (ed), 1991, Essential Molecular Biology: A Practical Approach, IRL Press at Oxford University Press, Oxford.

“Hybridization” can in particular be carried out under stringent conditions. Such hybridization conditions are for example described in Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F., Maniatis, T., in: Molecular Cloning (A Laboratory Manual), 2nd edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989, pages 9.31-9.57 or in Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. (1989), 6.3.1-6.3.6.

“Stringent” hybridization conditions mean in particular: Incubation at 42° C. overnight in a solution consisting of 50% formamide, 5×SSC (750 mM NaCl, 75 mM tri-sodium citrate), 50 mM sodium phosphate (pH 7.6), 5× Denhardt Solution, 10% dextran sulfate and 20 g/ml denatured, sheared salmon sperm DNA, followed by washing of the filters with 0.1×SSC at 65° C.

The invention also relates to derivatives of the concretely disclosed or derivable nucleic acid sequences.

Thus, further nucleic acid sequences according to the invention can be derived from the sequences specifically disclosed herein and can differ from it by addition, substitution, insertion or deletion of individual or several nucleotides, and furthermore code for polypeptides with the desired profile of properties.

The invention also encompasses nucleic acid sequences that comprise so-called silent mutations or have been altered, in comparison with a concretely stated sequence, according to the codon usage of a special original or host organism, as well as naturally occurring variants, e.g. splicing variants or allelic variants, thereof.

It also relates to sequences that can be obtained by conservative nucleotide substitutions (i.e. the amino acid in question is replaced by an amino acid of the same charge, size, polarity and/or solubility).

The invention also relates to the molecules derived from the concretely disclosed nucleic acids by sequence polymorphisms. These genetic polymorphisms can exist between individuals within a population owing to natural variation. These natural variations usually produce a variance of 1 to 5% in the nucleotide sequence of a gene.

Derivatives of nucleic acid sequences according to the invention mean for example allelic variants, having at least 60% homology at the level of the derived amino acid, preferably at least 80% homology, quite especially preferably at least 90% homology over the entire sequence range (regarding homology at the amino acid level, reference should be made to the details given above for the polypeptides). Advantageously, the homologies can be higher over partial regions of the sequences.

Furthermore, derivatives are also to be understood to be homologues of the nucleic acid sequences according to the invention, for example animal, plant, fungal or bacterial homologues, shortened sequences, single-stranded DNA or RNA of the coding and noncoding DNA sequence. For example, homologues have, at the DNA level, a homology of at least 40%, preferably of at least 60%, especially preferably of at least 70%, quite especially preferably of at least 80% over the entire DNA region given in a sequence specifically disclosed herein.

Moreover, derivatives are to be understood to be, for example, fusions with promoters. The promoters that are added to the stated nucleotide sequences can be modified by at least one nucleotide exchange, at least one insertion, inversion and/or deletion, though without impairing the functionality or efficacy of the promoters. Moreover, the efficacy of the promoters can be increased by altering their sequence or can be exchanged completely with more effective promoters even of organisms of a different genus.

3.4 Constructs According to the Invention

The invention also relates to expression constructs, containing, under the genetic control of regulatory nucleic acid sequences, a nucleic acid sequence coding for a polypeptide or fusion protein according to the invention; as well as vectors comprising at least one of these expression constructs.

“Expression unit” means, according to the invention, a nucleic acid with expression activity, which comprises a promoter as defined herein and, after functional association with a nucleic acid that is to be expressed or a gene, regulates the expression, i.e. the transcription and the translation of this nucleic acid or of this gene. In this context, therefore, it is also called a “regulatory nucleic acid sequence”. In addition to the promoter, other regulatory elements may be present, e.g. enhancers.

“Expression cassette” or “expression construct” means, according to the invention, an expression unit, which is functionally associated with the nucleic acid that is to be expressed or the gene that is to be expressed. In contrast to an expression unit, an expression cassette thus comprises not only nucleic acid sequences which regulate transcription and translation, but also the nucleic acid sequences which should be expressed as protein as a result of the transcription and translation.

The terms “expression” or “overexpression” describe, in the context of the invention, the production or increase of intracellular activity of one or more enzymes in a microorganism, which are encoded by the corresponding DNA. For this, it is possible for example to insert a gene in an organism, replace an existing gene by another gene, increase the number of copies of the gene or genes, use a strong promoter or use a gene that codes for a corresponding enzyme with a high activity, and optionally these measures can be combined.

Preferably such constructs according to the invention comprise a promoter 5′-upstream from the respective coding sequence, and a terminator sequence 3′-downstream, and optionally further usual regulatory elements, in each case functionally associated with the coding sequence.

A “promoter”, a “nucleic acid with promoter activity” or a “promoter sequence” mean, according to the invention, a nucleic acid which, functionally associated with a nucleic acid that is to be transcribed, regulates the transcription of this nucleic acid.

“Functional” or “operative” association means, in this context, for example the sequential arrangement of one of the nucleic acids with promoter activity and of a nucleic acid sequence that is to be transcribed and optionally further regulatory elements, for example nucleic acid sequences that enable the transcription of nucleic acids, and for example a terminator, in such a way that each of the regulatory elements can fulfill its function in the transcription of the nucleic acid sequence. This does not necessarily require a direct association in the chemical sense. Genetic control sequences, such as enhancer sequences, can also exert their function on the target sequence from more remote positions or even from other DNA molecules. Arrangements are preferred in which the nucleic acid sequence that is to be transcribed is positioned behind (i.e. at the 3′ end) the promoter sequence, so that the two sequences are bound covalently to one another. The distance between the promoter sequence and the nucleic acid sequence that is to be expressed transgenically can be less than 200 bp (base pairs), or less than 100 bp or less than 50 bp.

Apart from promoters and terminators, examples of other regulatory elements that may be mentioned are targeting sequences, enhancers, polyadenylation signals, selectable markers, amplification signals, replication origins and the like. Suitable regulatory sequences are described for example in Goeddel, Gene Expression Technology: Methods in Enzymology 185, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990).

Nucleic acid constructs according to the invention comprise in particular sequences selected from those, specifically mentioned herein or derivatives and homologues thereof, as well as the nucleic acid sequences that can be derived from amino acid sequences specifically mentioned herein which are advantageously associated operatively or functionally with one or more regulating signal for controlling, e.g. increasing, gene expression.

In addition to these regulatory sequences, the natural regulation of these sequences can still be present in front of the actual structural genes and optionally can have been altered genetically, so that natural regulation is switched off and the expression of the genes has been increased. The nucleic acid construct can also be of a simpler design, i.e. without any additional regulatory signals being inserted in front of the coding sequence and without removing the natural promoter with its regulation. Instead, the natural regulatory sequence is silenced so that regulation no longer takes place and gene expression is increased.

A preferred nucleic acid construct advantageously also contains one or more of the aforementioned enhancer sequences, functionally associated with the promoter, which permit increased expression of the nucleic acid sequence. Additional advantageous sequences, such as other regulatory elements or terminators, can also be inserted at the 3′ end of the DNA sequences. One or more copies of the nucleic acids according to the invention can be contained in the construct. The construct can also contain other markers, such as antibiotic resistances or auxotrophy-complementing genes, optionally for selection on the construct.

Examples of suitable regulatory sequences are contained in promoters such as cos-, tac-, trp-, tet-, trp-tet-, lpp-, lac-, lpp-lac-, lacl^(q-), T7-, T5-, T3-, gal-, trc-, ara-, rhaP (rhaP_(BAD))SP6-, lambda-P_(R)- or in the lambda-P_(L) promoter, which find application advantageously in Gram-negative bacteria. Other advantageous regulatory sequences are contained for example in the Gram-positive promoters ace, amy and SPO2, in the yeast or fungal promoters ADC1. MFalpha, AC, P-60, CYC1, GAPDH, TEF, rp28, ADH. Artificial promoters can also be used for regulation.

For expression, the nucleic acid construct is inserted in a host organism advantageously in a vector, for example a plasmid or a phage, which permits optimum expression of the genes in the host. In addition to plasmids and phages, vectors are also to be understood as meaning all other vectors known to a person skilled in the art, e.g. viruses, such as SV40, CMV, baculovirus and adenovirus, transposons, IS elements, phasmids, cosmids, and linear or circular DNA. These vectors can be replicated autonomously in the host organism or can be replicated chromosomally. These vectors represent a further embodiment of the invention.

Suitable plasmids are, for example in E. coli, pLG338, pACYC184, pBR322, pUC18, pUC19, pKC30, pRep4, pHS1, pKK223-3, pDHE19.2, pHS2, pPLc236, pMBL24, pLG200, pUR290, pIN-III¹¹³-B1, λgt11 or pBdCI; in nocardioform actinomycetes pJAM2; in Streptomyces pIJ101, pIJ364, pIJ702 or pIJ361; in bacillus pUB110, pC194 or pBD214; in Corynebacterium pSA77 or pAJ667; in fungi pALS1, pIL2 or pBB116; in yeasts 2alphaM, pAG-1, YEp6, YEp13 or pEMBLYe23 or in plants pLGV23, pGHlac⁺, pBIN19, pAK2004 or pDH51. The aforementioned plasmids represent a small selection of the possible plasmids. Other plasmids are well known to a person skilled in the art and will be found for example in the book Cloning Vectors (Eds. Pouwels P. H. et al. Elsevier, Amsterdam-New York-Oxford, 1985, ISBN 0 444 904018).

In a further embodiment of the vector, the vector containing the nucleic acid construct according to the invention or the nucleic acid according to the invention can be inserted advantageously in the form of a linear DNA in the microorganisms and integrated into the genome of the host organism through heterologous or homologous recombination. This linear DNA can comprise a linearized vector such as plasmid or just the nucleic acid construct or the nucleic acid according to the invention.

For optimum expression of heterologous genes in organisms, it is advantageous to alter the nucleic acid sequences in accordance with the specific codon usage employed in the organism. The codon usage can easily be determined on the basis of computer evaluations of other, known genes of the organism in question.

The production of an expression cassette according to the invention is based on fusion of a suitable promoter with a suitable coding nucleotide sequence and a terminator signal or polyadenylation signal. Common recombination and cloning techniques are used for this, as described for example in T. Maniatis, E. F. Fritsch and J. Sambrook, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989) as well as in T. J. Silhavy, M. L. Berman and L. W. Enquist, Experiments with Gene Fusions, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1984) and in Ausubel, F. M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene Publishing Assoc. and Wiley Interscience (1987).

The recombinant nucleic acid construct or gene construct is inserted advantageously in a host-specific vector for expression in a suitable host organism, to permit optimum expression of the genes in the host. Vectors are well known to a person skilled in the art and will be found for example in “Cloning Vectors” (Pouwels P. H. et al., Publ. Elsevier, Amsterdam-New York-Oxford, 1985).

3.5 Hosts that can be Used According to the Invention

Depending on the context, the term “microorganism” means the starting microorganism (wild-type) or a genetically modified microorganism according to the invention, or both.

The term “wild-type” means, according to the invention, the corresponding starting microorganism, and need not necessarily correspond to a naturally occurring organism.

By means of the vectors according to the invention, recombinant microorganisms can be produced, which have been transformed for example with at least one vector according to the invention and can be used for the fermentative production according to the invention.

Advantageously, the recombinant constructs according to the invention, described above, are inserted in a suitable host system and expressed. Preferably, common cloning and transfection methods that are familiar to a person skilled in the art are used, for example co-precipitation, protoplast fusion, electroporation, retroviral transfection and the like, in order to secure expression of the stated nucleic acids in the respective expression system. Suitable systems are described for example in Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, F. Ausubel et al., Publ. Wiley Interscience, New York 1997, or Sambrook et al. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 2nd edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989.

The parent microorganisms are typically those which have the ability to produce lysine, in particular L-lysine, from glucose, saccharose, lactose, fructose, maltose, molassis, starch, cellulose or glycerol, fatty acids, plant oils or ethanol. Preferably they are coryneform bacteria, in particular of the genus corynebacterium or of the genus Brevibacterium. In particular the species Corynebacterium glutamicum has to be mentioned.

Non-limiting examples of suitable strains of the genus Corynebacterium, and the species Corynebacterium glutamicum (C. glutamicum), are

Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032, Corynebacterium acetoglutamicum ATCC 15806, Corynebacterium acetoacidophilum ATCC 13870, Corynebacterium thermoaminogenes FERM BP-1 539, Corynebacterium melassecola ATCC 17965

and of the genus Brevibacterium, are

Brevibacterium flavum ATCC 14067 Brevibacterium lactofermentum ATCC 13869 and Brevibacterium divaricatum ATCC 14020 or strains derived there from like, Corynebacterium glutamicum KFCC 10065 Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC21608

KFCC designates Korean Federation of Culture Collection, ATCC designates American type strain culture collection, FERM BP designates the collection of National institute of Bioscience and Human-Technology, Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, Japan.

The host organism or host organisms according to the invention preferably contain at least one of the nucleic acid sequences, nucleic acid constructs or vectors described in this invention, which code for an enzyme activity according to the above definition.

3.5 Fermentative Production of GABA

The invention also relates to methods for the fermentative production of GABA.

The recombinant microorganisms as used according to the invention can be cultivated continuously or discontinuously in the batch process or in the fed batch or repeated fed batch process. A review of known methods of cultivation will be found in the textbook by Chmiel (Bioprocesstechnik 1. Einführung in die Bioverfahrenstechnik (Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 1991)) or in the textbook by Storhas (Bioreaktoren und periphere Einrichtungen (Vieweg Verlag, Braunschweig/Wiesbaden. 1994)).

The culture medium that is to be used must satisfy the requirements of the particular strains in an appropriate manner. Descriptions of culture media for various microorganisms are given in the handbook “Manual of Methods for General Bacteriology” of the American Society for Bacteriology (Washington D. C., USA, 1981).

These media that can be used according to the invention generally comprise one or more sources of carbon, sources of nitrogen, inorganic salts, vitamins and/or trace elements.

Preferred sources of carbon are sugars, such as mono-, di- or polysaccharides. Very good sources of carbon are for example glucose, fructose, mannose, galactose, ribose, sorbose, ribulose, lactose, maltose, sucrose, raffinose, starch or cellulose. Sugars can also be added to the media via complex compounds, such as molasses, or other by-products from sugar refining. It may also be advantageous to add mixtures of various sources of carbon. Other possible sources of carbon are oils and fats such as soybean oil, sunflower oil, peanut oil and coconut oil, fatty acids such as palmitic acid, stearic acid or linoleic acid, alcohols such as glycerol, methanol or ethanol and organic acids such as acetic acid or lactic acid.

Sources of nitrogen are usually organic or inorganic nitrogen compounds or materials containing these compounds. Examples of sources of nitrogen include ammonia gas or ammonium salts, such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, ammonium phosphate, ammonium carbonate or ammonium nitrate, nitrates, urea, amino acids or complex sources of nitrogen, such as corn-steep liquor, soybean flour, soybean protein, yeast extract, meat extract and others. The sources of nitrogen can be used separately or as a mixture.

Inorganic salt compounds that may be present in the media comprise the chloride, phosphate or sulfate salts of calcium, magnesium, sodium, cobalt, molybdenum, potassium, manganese, zinc, copper and iron.

Inorganic sulfur-containing compounds, for example sulfates, sulfites, dithionites, tetrathionates, thiosulfates, sulfides, but also organic sulfur compounds, such as mercaptans and thiols, can be used as sources of sulfur.

Phosphoric acid, potassium dihydrogenphosphate or dipotassium hydrogenphosphate or the corresponding sodium-containing salts can be used as sources of phosphorus.

Chelating agents can be added to the medium, in order to keep the metal ions in solution. Especially suitable chelating agents comprise dihydroxyphenols, such as catechol or protocatechuate, or organic acids, such as citric acid.

The fermentation media used according to the invention may also contain other growth factors, such as vitamins or growth promoters, which include for example biotin, riboflavin, thiamine, folic acid, nicotinic acid, pantothenate and pyridoxine. Growth factors and salts often come from complex components of the media, such as yeast extract, molasses, corn-steep liquor and the like. In addition, suitable precursors can be added to the culture medium. The precise composition of the compounds in the medium is strongly dependent on the particular experiment and must be decided individually for each specific case. Information on media optimization can be found in the textbook “Applied Microbiol. Physiology, A Practical Approach” (Publ. P. M. Rhodes, P. F. Stanbury, IRL Press (1997) p. 53-73, ISBN 0 19 963577 3). Growing media can also be obtained from commercial suppliers, such as Standard 1 (Merck) or BHI (Brain heart infusion, DIFCO) etc.

All components of the medium are sterilized, either by heating (20 min at 1.5 bar and 121° C.) or by sterile filtration. The components can be sterilized either together, or if necessary separately. All the components of the medium can be present at the start of growing, or optionally can be added continuously or by batch feed.

The temperature of the culture is normally between 15° C. and 45° C., preferably 25° C. to 40° C. and can be kept constant or can be varied during the experiment. The pH value of the medium should be in the range from 5 to 8.5, preferably around 7.0. The pH value for growing can be controlled during growing by adding basic compounds such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonia or ammonia water or acid compounds such as phosphoric acid or sulfuric acid. Antifoaming agents, e.g. fatty acid polyglycol esters, can be used for controlling foaming. To maintain the stability of plasmids, suitable substances with selective action, e.g. antibiotics, can be added to the medium. Oxygen or oxygen-containing gas mixtures, e.g. the ambient air, are fed into the culture in order to maintain aerobic conditions. The temperature of the culture is normally from 20° C. to 45° C. Culture is continued until a maximum of the desired product has formed. This is normally achieved within 10 hours to 160 hours.

The cells can be disrupted optionally by high-frequency ultrasound, by high pressure, e.g. in a French pressure cell, by osmolysis, by the action of detergents, lytic enzymes or organic solvents, by means of homogenizers or by a combination of several of the methods listed.

3.6 GABA Isolation

The methodology of the present invention can further include a step of recovering GABA. The term “recovering” includes extracting, harvesting, isolating or purifying the compound from culture media. Recovering the compound can be performed according to any conventional isolation or purification methodology known in the art including, but not limited to, treatment with a conventional resin (e.g., anion or cation exchange resin, non-ionic adsorption resin, etc.), treatment with a conventional adsorbent (e.g., activated charcoal, silicic acid, silica gel, cellulose, alumina, etc.), alteration of pH, solvent extraction (e.g., with a conventional solvent such as an alcohol, ethyl acetate, hexane and the like), distillation, dialysis, filtration, concentration, crystallization, recrystallization, pH adjustment, lyophilization and the like. For example GABA can be recovered from culture media by first removing the microorganisms. The remaining broth is then passed through or over a cation exchange resin to remove unwanted cations and then through or over an anion exchange resin to remove unwanted inorganic anions and organic acids.

3.7 Polyamide Polymers and Pyrrolidone

In another aspect, the present invention provides a process for the production of polymers, in particular polyamides, comprising a step as mentioned above for the production of GABA. The GABA is reacted in a known manner with itself or at least one different co-monomer, selected from amino- and hydroxycarboxylic acids by applying standard methods of polymer synthesis. Suitable co-monomers are for example derived from C₂-C₃₁, preferably C₄-C₁₀-straight or branched chain monocarboxylic acids, carrying at least one reactive hydroxyl or amino group.

Such hydroxyl- or amino-substituted, copolymerizable “carboxylic acids” are derived from straight-chain or branched, saturated or mono- or poly-unsaturated C₂-C₃₀-monocarboxylic acids. In particular, said acids carry a straight-chain mono- or poly-unsaturated hydrocarbyl residue or a mixture of such residues with an average length of 1-30, preferably 3-9 carbon atoms. Particularly preferred residues are:

-   -   saturated, straight-chain residues like CH₃—, C₂H₅—; C₃H₇—;         C₄H₉—; C₅H₁₁—; C₆H₁₃—; C₇H₁₅—, C₈H₁₇—; C₉H₁₉—; C₁₀H₂₁—; C₁₁H₂₃—;         C₁₂H₂₅—; C₁₃H₂₇—; C₁₄H₂₉—; C₁₅H₃₁—; C₁₆H₃₃—; C₁₇H₃₅—; C₁₈H₃₇—;         C₁₉H₃₉—; C₂₀H₄₁—; C₂₁H₄₃—; C₂₃H₄₇—; C₂₄H₄₉; —C₂₅H₅₁—; C₂₉H₅₉—;         C₃₀H₆₁;     -   saturated, branched residues like iso-C₃H₇—; iso-C₄H₉—;         iso-C₁₈H₃₇—;     -   mono-unsaturated, straight-chain residues like C₂H₃—; C₃H₅—;         C₁₅H₂₉—; C₁₇H₃₃—; C₂₁H₄₁—;     -   two-fold unsaturated, straight-chain like C₅H₇—; C₁₇H₃₁—;         Those residues are modified so that they carry alt least one         functional substituent, selected from hydroxyl and amino groups,         required for copolymerization.

In another aspect the fermentatively produced GABA may be applied for producing pyrrolidone by applying standard techniques of organic synthesis.

The following examples only serve to illustrate the invention. The numerous possible variations that are obvious to a person skilled in the art also fall within the scope of the invention.

Experimental Part

Unless otherwise stated the following experiments have been performed by applying standard equipment, methods, chemicals, and biochemicals as used in genetic engineering, fermentative production of chemical compounds by cultivation of microorganisms and in the analysis and isolation of products. See also Sambrook et al, and Chmiel et al as cited herein above.

Example 1 Cloning of an E. coli Glutamate Decarboxylase (GAD) Gene

PCR primers, WKJ95/WKJ96 and WKJ99/WKJ100, were used with chromosomal DNA of E. coli as a template to amplify the DNA fragments containing the gadBC and gadA genes, respectively. The amplified DNA fragments were purified, digested with restriction enzymes, XhoI/XbaI for gadBC and XhoI/SpeI for gadA, and ligated to the pClik5aMCS (SEQ ID NO:14; FIG. 3) vector digested with same restriction enzymes resulting in pClik5aMCS gadBC and pClik5aMCS gadA, respectively.

Oligonucleotide Primers Used:

WKJ95 (SEQ ID NO: 10) ccgctcgagcggcccaagcttcggtaaatacttataccggag WKJ96 (SEQ ID NO: 11) ctagtctagactagcccaagcttgtcgatcatcgcctgttg WKJ99 (SEQ ID NO: 12) ccgctcgagcggcccaagcttcgtgataaattgcgtcagaaag WKJ100 (SEQ ID NO: 13) ctagactagtctagcccaagcttctcgaatttggcttgcatcc

Example 2 Search for GAD Gene in Solanum tuberosum (Potato)

In order to find a yet unknown gene that encodes GAD in potato, the first step was to identify a GAD from a closely related organism. A query in the sequence databases Genbank, Refseq and Uniprot for “glutamate decarboxlase” in the genus “Solanum”revealed a previously characterised GAD in Solanum lycopersicum (tomato), Swissprot accession number P54767. This sequence was used as a template to perform a tblastn search in Genbank subsections plant, EST and GSS. Among the best 100 hits (expect value <10⁻¹¹⁸) 16 sequences were extracted from Solanum tuberosum (potato). All 16 sequences are expressed sequence tags (EST), i.e. represent fragments of the expressed and spliced mRNAs. An assembly using VectorNTI Contig Express (settings: overlap=20, identity=0.8, cut-off score=40) revealed a contig composed of 15 sequences and a second contig made up by one sequence (BG594946).

To check the quality of the assembly and to make a decision, which of the contigs to choose, the consensus sequences of both assemblies were generated and compared with all 100 hits from the initial blast search. The alignment (shown as guide tree in FIG. 1) revealed contig 1 to be an outlier. Since contig 2 that is composed solely of the EST with the accession BG594946 fits very well to the tomato GAD, it was chosen as the best candidate to represent the potato GAD.

Since BG594946 only covers the core of the GAD gene, the flanking 5′ and 3′ regions were taken from the corresponding tomato gene resulting in a chimera GAD gene as shown in FIG. 2.

Example 3 Cloning of a Synthetic Chimera GAD Gene

As the codon usage for the plant-originated chimera GAD gene is quite different to that of the C. glutamicum genes, expression of the chimera GAD gene may not be efficient in a C. glutamicum strain. To enhance gene expression in C. glulamicum, a synthetic GAD gene with the sequence being adapted to C. glutamicum codon usage was created on the basis of the chimera GAD gene without a calmodulin binding sequence. Furthermore, the synthetic GAD gene had a C. glutamicum sodA promoter (Psod) and a groEL terminator. The synthetic GAD gene was digested with restriction enzyme SpeI and inserted to the pClik5aMCS vector digested with the same restriction enzyme resulting in pClik5aMCS Psod SL_gad.

Example 4 GABA Production in Shake Flask Culture

To construct a GABA production strain glutamate producing bacterium C. glulamicum ATCC13032 was transformed with the recombinant plasmids containing the GAD genes.

Shaking flask experiments were performed on the recombinant strains to test the GABA production. The strains were pre-cultured on CM plates (10 g/l glucose, 2.5 g/l NaCl, 2 g/l urea, 10 g/l Bacto peptone, 10 g/l yeast extract, 22 g/l agar) overnight at 30° C. Cultured cells were harvested in a microtube containing 1.5 ml of 0.9% NaCl and cell density was determined by the absorbance at 610 nm following vortex. For the main culture suspended cells were inoculated to reach 1.5 of initial OD into 10 ml of the production medium (60 g/l glucose, 30 g/l (NH₄)₂SO₄, 2 g/l yeast extract, 1 g/l KH₂PO₄, 1 g/l MgSO₄.7H₂O, 10 mg/l FeSO₄.7H₂O, 10 mg/l MnSO₄.H₂O, 0.2 mg/l thiamine.HCl, 2 mg/l biotin, 52 g/l ACES, pH 6.5) contained in an autoclaved 100 ml of Erlenmeyer flask. Main culture was performed on a rotary shaker (Infors AJ118, Bottmingen, Switzerland) with 200 rpm for 48 hours at 30° C. The determination of the GABA concentration was conducted by HPLC (Agilent 1100 Series) with a Gemini C18 column (Phenomenex) and a fluorescence detector (Agilent). A pre-column derivatization with ortho-phthalaldehyde allows the quantification of GABA. Cell growth was monitored by a spectrophotometer at 610 nm.

An accumulation of GABA was observed in all recombinant strains containing the GAD gene. The recombinant strain carrying the pClik5aMCS Psod SL_gad plasmid showed the highest GABA productivity. The results are summarized in following table:

TABLE GABA production in shaking flask culture Strains GABA (mmol/g cell) ATCC13032 0.0 +pClik5aMCS 0.0 +pClik5aMCS gadA 0.2 +pClik5aMCS gadBC 0.4 +pClik5aMCS Psod SL_gad 1.2 Any document cited herein is incorporated by reference. 

We claim:
 1. A method for the fermentative production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), comprising cultivating a recombinant microorganism derived from a parent microorganism having the ability to produce glutamate and additionally having the ability to express a heterologous glutamate decarboxylase (E.C. 4.1.1.15), wherein said microorganism is a Corynebacterium, so that glutamate is converted to GABA.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the microorganism is Corynebacterium glutamicum.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein said heterologous glutamate decarboxylase is of eukaryotic origin.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein said heterologous glutamate decarboxylase is a plant glutamate decarboxylase or a chimeric glutamate decarboxylase comprising amino acid sequence portions derived from plant glutamate decarboxylase.
 5. The method of claim 3, wherein said heterologous glutamate decarboxylase is a decarboxylase of a plant of the genus Solanum, in particular from Solanum tuberosum.
 6. The method of claim 3, wherein the heterologous glutamate decarboxylase is from Solanum tuberosum and comprises an amino acid sequence from Thr94 to Leu336 of SEQ ID NO: 2 or a sequence having at least 92% identity thereto.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the heterologous glutamate decarboxylase is N-terminally and/or C-terminally supplemented by the corresponding terminal amino acid sequences of a glutamate decarboxylase from Solanum tuberosum.
 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the heterologous glutamate decarboxylase is N-terminally and/or C-terminally supplemented by the corresponding terminal amino acid sequences of a glutamate decarboxylase of a second plant different from Solanum tuberosum.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein said second plant is Solanum lycopersicum.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein said glutamate decarboxylase comprises an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 2 or a sequence having at least 80% identity thereto.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the enzyme is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence, which is adapted to the codon usage of said parent microorganism having the ability to produce glutamate having glutamate decarboxylase activity.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the enzyme having glutamate decarboxylase activity is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence comprising a coding sequence selected from the group consisting of a) position 472 to 1200 according to SEQ ID NO:1 or from position 193 to 1605 according to SEQ ID NO:1; b) a coding sequence encoding a glutamate decarboxylase of a plant of the genus Solanum, in particular from Solanum tuberosum; c) a coding sequence encoding a glutamate decarboxylase from Solanum tuberosum and comprising an amino acid sequence from Thr94 to Leu336 of SEQ ID NO: 2 or a sequence having at least 92% identity thereto; d) a coding sequence encoding a glutamate decarboxylase that is N-terminally and/or C-terminally supplemented by the corresponding terminal amino acid sequences of a glutamate decarboxylase from Solanum tuberosum; e) a coding sequence encoding a glutamate decarboxylase that is N-terminally and/or C-terminally supplemented by the corresponding terminal amino acid sequences of a glutamate decarboxylase of a second plant different from Solanum tuberosum; f) a coding sequence encoding a glutamate decarboxylase that is N-terminally and/or C-terminally supplemented by the corresponding terminal amino acid sequences of a glutamate decarboxylase of Solanum lycopersicum; g) a coding sequence encoding a glutamate decarboxylase comprising an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 2 or a sequence having at least 80% identity thereto, and h) a coding sequence encoding a glutamate decarboxylase, wherein the coding sequence is adapted to the codon usage of said parent microorganism having the ability to produce glutamate having glutamate decarboxylase activity.
 13. A glutamate decarboxylase as defined in claim
 5. 14. A nucleic acid sequence comprising the coding sequence for a glutamate decarboxylase as claimed in claim
 13. 15. An expression cassette, comprising at least one nucleic acid sequence as claimed in claim 14, which sequence is operatively linked to at least one regulatory nucleic acid sequence.
 16. A recombinant vector, comprising at least one expression cassette as claimed in claim
 15. 17. A prokaryotic or eukaryotic host, transformed with at least one vector as claimed in claim
 16. 18. The host of claim 17, selected from a recombinant Corynebacterium.
 19. The host of claim 18, which is recombinant Corynebacterium glutamicum.
 20. The method of claim 1, wherein the GABA thus produced is isolated from the fermentation broth.
 21. A method of preparing a polyamide, which method comprises a) preparing GABA by the method of claim 1; b) isolating GABA; and c) polymerizing said GABA, optionally in the presence of at least one further suitable polyvalent co-monomer, selected from aminocarboxylic acids, and hydroxycarboxylic acids.
 22. The method of claim 1, wherein the recombinant microorganism further comprises at least one deregulated gene selected from the group consisting of: i) amplification of isocitrate dehydrogenase; ii) amplification of glutamate dehydrogenase; iii) amplification of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase; iv) releasing feedback inhibition by point mutation and amplification of pyruvate carboxylase; v) attenuation of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase; vi) attenuation of isocitrate lyase; vii) attenuation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase; viii) attenuation of glutamine synthetase; and ix) attenuation of glutamate exporter. 